The Third Period
Review the adverbial:
I. 独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1. 作时间状语
1) My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.＝After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。)
2. 作条件状语
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.＝If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。)
3. 作原因状语
The storm drawing near, we had to put off our plan.=As the storm drew near, we had to put off our
plan.(由于暴风雨临近，我们只好放弃计划)
4. 作伴随状语
I took out my book, open it, and drawing pictures in it, my teacher looking angry.（老师愤怒地看着我拿出书，打开它，然后开始在上面画画。）
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
3) 分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如： Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. (从太空看起来，地球像个蓝色的球体。)这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …
Laughing and chatting, the pupils left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。
同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, …
独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。
We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。
Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。
The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了，老师把学生打发走了。
The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 随着树的不断长高，树阴也越来越浓密了。
Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible. 把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。
They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。
独立主格大体有以下几种结构：
1. 名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
The coward was backing, his face being deathly pale toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。)
2. 名词（代词）+形容词；
The food delicious, I was full.（食物非常可口，我也很饱了。）
3. 名词（代词）+副词；
This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute
companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。)
4. 名词（代词）+不定式；
I to go to New York, he asked me not.（我要去纽约，他却要我别去）
5. 名词（代词）+介词短语构成。
The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist, a bunch of flowers in
his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。)
另外，我们最常见的独立主格结构是with引导的独立主格结构。比如：Our vicar went to see what was happening with a torch in his arm. 这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with + 名词（代词）+ 现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
Ⅱ. 动词不定式和分词用作状语
动词不定式和分词同时还具有副词的词性特征，因此能在句子中充当状语。
与分词不同的是，动词不定式在句中做状语时，主要表示目的、结果、原因；而分词做状语主要表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、伴随等。
一般判别二者之间的区别使用是根据不同的标志词来确定的，或者说用marker来确定它们。例如，动词不定式表示目的的有in order to, so as to。表示结果的有：so … as to, such … as to, enough to, too … to等。请看例句：
He shouted so as to be noticed.（目的）
She started early in order to avoid the rushing crowds.（目的）
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