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高一英语第八单元Food Around The World (世界上的食物),
一、在动词 need , want , require , bear , deserve 等后常用动名词的主动形式表被意义。例如：
① The civil quality of the whole nation needs improving . 全民族的文化素质需要提高。
② Every truth requires testing through practice . 一切真理都需要经受实践的检验。
③ The river dam wants reinforcing . 这道河堤需要加固。
④ His words won\'t bear repeating . 他的话不堪重述。
一般地，这些动名词都可用不定式的被动结构来代替。如上述第三例可改为：The river dam wants to be reinforced .
二、在 be worth doing 结构中，用动名词的主动形式表被动意义。例如：
If a thing is worth doing , it should be done well . 值得做的事就一定要做好。
三、有些及物动词在某些特定场合下，常用主动形式表被动含义。这类动词有 write , read , clean , lock , wear , wash , catch , work , cut , draw , start 等。例如：
This kind of cloth cleans easily . 这种布(料)易洗。
This home-made pen writes smoothly . 这支国产笔很好写。
His book does not sell . 他的书没有销路。
Her letter read like this . 她的信是这样写的。
The car can\'t start . 这辆车开不动(发动不了)。
The recorder won\'t play . 这台录音机不转了。
四、某些实义动词被当作系动词用时含有被动意义，但不能用被动式。这类动词有 look , sound , feel , taste , smell , keep , stay 等。例如：
You look pale . What\'s the matter ? 你的脸苍白，是怎么回事 ?
His theory sounds reasonable . 你的理论听起来很有道理。
Good medicine tastes bitter . 良药苦口。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge . 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。
The shop stays open till 8:00 p . m . 这家商店一直要开到晚上八点。
五、在不定式结构中，下列情况要用主动形式表被动含义：
1 . 当不定式的逻辑主语以动作执行者的身份出现在句中时，例如：
Do you have anything to say for yourself before you die ? 你死前有什么话要说吗 ?
The theory is too abstract for a child to understand . 这理论太抽象，孩子不能理解。
2 . 在“be +形容词+ to 不定式”结构中。例如：
He is hard to satisfy . 他很难满足。
I don\'t think this so-called big movie is terribly interesting to watch . 我认为这部所谓的巨片并不十分好看。
3 . There be 结构中，作定语的不定式多用主动表被动，但也可用被动式，意义上一般无差别。例如：
There is no time to lose / be lost . 没有时间可浪费了。
但当句中主语为 something , anything , nothing 时，作定语的不定式用主动或被动式其含义有区别：
There\'s nothing to do - I\'m bored . 无事可干椢颐频没拧?/P>
There\'s nothing to be done - I\'ll have to give it up . 没办法椢抑缓梅牌?/P>
4 . 在 be to blame , be to let 等结构中，不定式的主、被动形式都可表达被动含义。例如：
He is not to blame . 他不该被责备。
Are the cameras to let ? 这些相机出租吗 ?
六、在某些介词后，动名词用主动形式表被动含义。常见介词有 past , beyond , above 等。例如：
The question is beyond / above teenagers understanding . 这个问题还不能被十几岁的孩子理解。
The pain was almost past bearing . 疼痛几乎无法(被)忍受。
最后补充一点。不及物动词没有被动式，这是我们都知道的；可是有的同学由于受汉语思维习惯的影响，常将这样一些词或词组用于被动语态。最易被这样误用的词(组)有 happen , last , spread , end , take place , break out 等。现举几例，以示其正确用法：
The newly - imported foreign film lasts almost three hours . 这部进口的外国影片几乎要放映三个小时。
Great changes have taken place in the whole world since the end of World War Ⅱ . 第二次世界大战结束以来，整个世界已发生了巨大的变化。
The news spread quickly in the town . 消息在城里迅速传开。
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
● 定语从句典型错误例析
1. 误：The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth .
正：The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth .
析：虽然finger 后省掉了在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that / which ，但是定语从句中也不能重复先行词，故 it 多余。
2. 误：Mary was late for the meeting again , that made the manager angry .
正：Mary was late for the meeting again , which made the manager angry .
析：逗号之后不用关系代词 that 引导定语从句，而用 which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子，并在从句中作主语等。
3. 误： The students , many of them are girls , have come back to school .
高一英语第八单元Food Around The World (世界上的食物)由www.deyou8.com收集及整理,转载请说明出处www.deyou8.com
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正： The students , many of whom are girls , have come back to school .
析：介词或介词短语后的定语从句不用关系代词that 。若修饰人时关系代词用 whom，修饰物时关系代词用 which 。如：The knife with which he cut the branch is sharp .
4. 误：Is this farm which you visited last time ?
正：Is this farm the one you visited last time ?
析：上例中 this farm 为主语而非先行词。因此误句缺少表语 the one ，即缺少后面定语从句的先行词。
5. 误：You are the only one of the girls who dance well .
正： You are the only one of the girls who dances well .
析：定语从句部分的谓语形式必须与行词在人称和数上保持一致。上例中先行词 the (only)one 为单数。对比：You are one of the girls who dance well. (先行词为 the girls )
6. 误：I won\'t forget the time when I spent in the countryside .
正： I won\'t forget the time I spent in the countryside .
析：先行词 the time 在从句中作动词 spent 的宾语，而非时间状语。因此关系代词which 或that 可省。
7. 误： All what he said is true .
正： All he said is true .
析：先行词为 all 时定语从句用 that 引导，且 that 作宾语时可省，此句相当于主语从句 What he said is true . 但 what 不能引导定语从句。
8. 误：Tom , for whose life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .
正：Tom , for whom life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .
析：定语从句中介词 for 提前，life 应是从句部分的主语。若先行词置于从句中应为 Life had once been very hard for Tom .
9. 误： There are a lot of people plant trees there .
正：There are a lot of people who plant trees there .
析：主句为 There are a lot of people .先行词 people 在定语从句中做主语，故从句部分缺少关系代词。
10. 误：I often go to the street which she lives .
正：I often go to the street where she lives .
析：定语从句中的谓语动词 live 是不及物动词，因此先行词 street 在从句中应作地点状语而非宾语，应用关系副词 where 引导从句，相当于 in which .
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