中央党校考博英语真题试卷（2009年）翻译

标签：考研英语真题,考研真题,考研政治真题,考研数学真题,http://www.deyou8.com 中央党校考博英语真题试卷（2009年）翻译,
V. Translation (15 points)
Directions: Put the following into Chinese, and write your translation on Answer Sheet B. You don’t need to translate the names of people.

Choosing the appropriate from of capitalist development is generally thought to be a major responsibility of the state. Variations of the capitalist model are primarily the result of politic, al choices by governments past and present. Models diverge on two major issues: how far the state intervenes in the market economy by ownership and control of the means of production and distribution and by acting as the regulatory authority over private enterprise; and how far it assumes responsibility for social welfare. The issue of divergence was first raised in Andrew Shonfield’s Modern Capitalism. More recently, Michael Albert in France has drawn a sharp distinction between what he calls Rhenish capitalism and the Anglo-Saxon variety. American authors especially have drawn equally sharp distinctions between ‘western’ models of capitalism and ‘Asian’ ones, of which Japan is the prototype, and Korea, Taiwan and Singapore are regional variants. In the Asian model, the state more actively intervenes to protect domestic enterprises from foreign competition, to provide them with ready assess to capital for expansion, while using what political measures seem necessary to the government to maintain political stability and confidence in the economic future.
In the economic literature on development, too, there has been much discussion over the role of public policy in developing countries in choosing between import substitution and export orientation. The weight of argument by professional liberal economists, and by officials of the IMF and World Bank has been strongly against import substitution and protectionism, even though the east Asian record of success in gaining market shares suggests the either-or choice is over-simple. As Singer has argued, export-orientation is often possible only after an earlier phase of import-substitution.
For present purposes, however, the question is not so much which opinion or interpretation was the correct one, for any particular economy or at any specific time, as whether or not the governments of states still have as much freedom to choose the national development strategy as they have had in the past. Put another way, are the differences between forms of capitalism likely to persist in future, or are the forces of structural change pushing all governments along a path to greater convergence between models of capitalism? If the evidence of convergence suggests the latter, then the freedom and responsibility of states to choose between variants of capitalist development is reduced.